Research and Publications

Abstract: To reduce the need for potentially stressful procedures such as sedation, it is important to develop minimally invasive methods for monitoring rhinoceros health. Traditional matrices including blood, feces, and urine provide valuable diagnostic information but present challenges, particularly when sample collection is difficult or when specific biomarkers are not detectable in every matrix. To address these limitations, we propose evaluating the utility of saliva and nasal secretions as alternative matrices for health monitoring in rhinoceros. Our objectives are to 1) determine if three biomarkers can be reliably quantified in saliva and nasal secretions and whether these measurements correlate with serum concentrations, and 2) assess if serum concentrations from banked samples correspond to documented unhealthy states. The biomarkers selected are interleukin 6 (IL-6), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and salivary serum amyloid A (sSAA). Each of these biomarkers has been successfully quantified in human and non-human mammalian saliva or nasal secretions and is associated with inflammatory and diseased states. In addition, IL-6 and SAA have been validated in rhinoceros serum. We plan to collect a minimum of three samples across approximately three months from at least five greater one-horned, black, and white rhinoceros at participating institutions. Saliva, nasal secretions, and serum will be collected in the morning between 7:00 and 12:00 on the same day. If these biomarkers can be quantified in saliva and nasal secretions, show correspondence with serum values, and associate with abnormal health states, these minimally invasive matrices may provide a useful tool for improving routine health monitoring in rhinoceros.

Location: Cincinnati, Ohio 

Collaborating Organizations: Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Gardens, Center for Conservation & Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW)

Abstract: Gastrointestinal disease is one of the leading causes of death in ex-situ greater one-horned
rhinoceros (GOHR) (Rhinoceros unicornis), and a recently described chronic diarrhea syndrome
in GOHR has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality in the North American Species
Survival Plan (SSP) population. Preliminary microbiome profiling via 16S ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) sequencing revealed significant differences in microbial diversity and composition

between GOHR with gastrointestinal disease compared to healthy conspecifics. A multi-
institutional prospective study is proposed to characterize the fecal microbiome of GOHR in

North America and the effects of location, diet, season, presence or absence of gastrointestinal
signs, and treatments. Thirty GOHR housed in at least six Association of Zoos and Aquariums
(AZA) institutions will be included in the study, representing nearly 40% of the North American
SSP population. Fecal samples will be collected from each GOHR at four timepoints throughout
the year (n=120 samples), along with concurrent diet, housing, and health status information.
Microbiome profiling will be performed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and α- and β-diversity,
linear discriminant and effect size analyses will be performed to assess for differences between
location, diet, season, and health status. Surveying the microbiome of the ex-situ GOHR
population and the impacts of environmental, dietary, and health related factors will be critical to
understand gastrointestinal disease in GOHR and elucidate future treatment and preventative
measures to mitigate disease in managed care.

Location: San Diego, California

Collaborating Organizations: San Diego Zoo Safari Park

Abstract: Namibia sustains more than a third of the global population of the critically-endangered black rhino and is the stronghold of the south-western subspecies (Diceros bicornis bicornis), with more than 90% of the total population of this subspecies found only in Namibia (Emslie et al., 2019).  As the lead institution responsible for securing a future for black rhino in Namibia, the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (MEFT) has long adopted a strong commitment to range expansion as a central priority.  In a first step beyond the conventional expert knowledge-driven decision-making model MEFT has historically adopted, a population viability analysis led by the IUCN Conservation Planning Specialist Group, working side-by-side with Namibian rhino biologists, was conducted in 2024.  The analysis utilized the best available demographic data from a subset of Namibia’s black rhino sub-populations (Muntifering et al. 2023). The analysis was accomplished through a series of virtual workshops where existing sub-population datasets were interrogated, key parameters estimated and computer simulation models developed – culminating in an in-person workshop held in Namibia in early 2024.  The outcome was a first-of-its-kind demographic model for Namibian black rhino which was used to explore the impacts of key threats such as drought and poaching on the meta-population with some preliminary insights on management options – and a scientific manuscript has been drafted and nearly ready to submit for peer-review (see Attached draft manuscript entitled – Investigating viability of black rhinoceros populations in Namibia under various poaching and climate scenarios).

Despite some major advances, we recognized that there were a few dimensions of the work that warranted additional analysis.  Firstly, we under-estimated the extensive time required to interrogate demographic rates to ensure that the models were accurately representative of the in situ populations.  The shifted time investment meant we could not comprehensively explore as many practical management scenarios (such as translocations and population augmentation) as we would have preferred. Moreover, several novel opportunities and shifting priorities have surfaced over the past 12 months that could benefit from an expanded investigation.  

Here, we propose a second, more scenario-focused workshop to better leverage our established PVA models with special focus on evaluating a much larger suite of management scenarios directly informed again by the National Rhino Coordinator and Namibia’s existing Black Rhino Conservation Strategy.  We aim to strengthen the impact of this workshop with (1) a pre-planning session to review our existing models, introduce an updated series of management questions and ensure scenarios align with current Black Rhino Conservation Strategy; as well as (2) a follow up de-briefing session with additional key Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism officials to increase buy-in and confidence in the application of the new PVA-informed planning process. Ultimately, this work will inform how managers can optimize Namibia’s black rhino metapopulation growth through a reduction in key threats, especially poaching. We propose to do this through enhanced, evidence-based management targeting strategic range expansion and supplementation.  

Location: Namibia

Collaborating Organizations: Minnesota Zoo Foundation, Save the Rhino Trust, Namibia Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism, Conservation Planning Specialist Group (CBSG)

Abstract: Despite conservation successes, black rhinoceroses remain critically endangered and require active protection from poaching due to continued demand for horns. One of the biggest risks for continued persistence of these endangered populations is the loss of genetic diversity as both poaching and management methods like translocations can create small, isolated populations. Such populations experience higher levels of genetic drift and inbreeding, both of which elevate extinction risks (Gilpin and Soulé 1986, Fagan and Holmes 2005). Therefore, conservation efforts actively work to prevent inbreeding, but accurately estimating the levels of inbreeding directly requires a full pedigree of individuals to track consanguineous matings, genetic data from the population, or both. Since these measures are often unavailable in wildlife, it is possible that indirect measures may underestimate inbreeding.

Location: Zimbabwe

Collaborating Organizations: North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Lowveld Rhino Trust

Brief: The ongoing poaching crisis in South Africa continues to threaten both black (Diceros
bicornis) and white (Ceratotherium simum) rhino populations, requiring innovative, adaptive, and welfare-conscious monitoring approaches. At Kwandwe Private Game Reserve, we have integrated two advanced technologies, Al-enabled rhino collars and thermal drones, to enhance both protection and welfare monitoring. Collar systems provide real-time alerts of abnormal movement or behaviour, while drones enable rapid verification and non-invasive visual assessment, even in areas inaccessible to vehicles or helicopters. Despite their expanding application, there is currently no standardised protocol defining how drones can be used ethically and effectively for rhino monitoring without inducing behavioural or physiological disturbance.
This project aims to develop a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for drone-based rhino monitoring that ensures animal welfare, operational efficiency, and data reliability. Specifically, the project will quantify rhino behavioural responses to drone flights across a range of altitudes, approach distances, and environmental conditions; establish evidence-based operational parameters for both proactive monitoring and reactive security responses; compare the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and safety of drone- based monitoring with traditional vehicle- and aircraft-based methods; and produce a replicable SOP framework suitable for adoption across other reserves containing rhinos,
in Southern Africa.

Location: South Africa

Collaborating Organizations: Kwandwe Private Game Reserve

Abstract: The eastern black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis michaeli (Z. 1965), suffered range-wide, catastrophic declines during the 20th century largely attributed to poaching. Kenya’s population experienced some of the most severe losses, with fewer than 400 individuals in the mid-1980’s. Remaining individuals were consolidated into sanctuaries and a metapopulation management framework was adopted. Stringent protection measures, and strategic translocations guided by successive Rhino Action Plans have seen numbers increase.  Continued recovery and expansion of black rhinos within Kenya face a number of challenges going forward, including effective genomic management of the metapopulation, founding new populations and consistent genomic monitoring of diversity and kinship.  

Population genomics can be used as effective conservation tools, but for non-model taxa the absence of dense species-specific SNP arrays restricts options to either whole-genome sequencing (WGS) or reduced-representation methods such as RAD-seq. WGS remains costly at scale; as a result, many studies use low-coverage WGS followed by imputation of genotypes using a suitable reference panel of high quality genomes. Importantly this combines both the genome-wide coverage and low cost of alternative genotyping approaches, providing optimal resolution for studying important populations at scale. 

This project aims to address these challenges for D. b. michaeli by generating two foundational resources, building on a pre-existing collaboration between the Wildlife Research and Training Institute (WRTI), the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh (UoE).  First, we will assemble a chromosome-scale reference genome. Second, we will build an imputation panel from high-coverage sequencing data that captures genetic diversity across Kenya’s metapopulation, enabling reliable genotype imputation from low-coverage data. An imputation panel is a set of densely genotyped, phased haplotypes from representative individuals. By leveraging linkage disequilibrium, it allows missing or uncertain genotypes in target samples – especially from low-coverage WGS or SNP arrays – to be inferred accurately.  

To make genome-wide data accessible for routine monitoring, we will evaluate the panel’s ability to infer accurate genotypes from low-coverage sequencing. By down-sampling each high-coverage dataset and comparing imputed genotypes with their true values, we will characterise performance across variant frequencies, coverage levels, and genomic regions. This benchmarking will allow us to define practical guidelines for low-cost genomic surveillance of rhinos throughout Kenya.  

The resulting dataset will also provide the most comprehensive population-genomic assessment of D. b. michaeli to date. These analyses will yield updated estimates of effective population size, identify lineages contributing unique genetic variation, and highlight subpopulations with elevated inbreeding or reduced diversity – information directly relevant to translocation planning and long-term population viability. 

By delivering a high-quality reference genome, a validated imputation panel, and a full population-genomic appraisal of Kenya’s black rhinos, this project will provide conservation managers with powerful, cost-effective tools for genomic monitoring. These resources will support the goals of Kenya’s Black Rhino Action and Recovery Plan (2022–2026) and strengthen the scientific foundation for safeguarding this critically endangered subspecies. This is also in line with WRTI’s strategic plan (2023-2027) to establish bioinformatics platforms and generate genetic profiles of wildlife populations to inform management. 

Location: Kenya

Collaborating Organizations: Wildlife Research and Training Institute (WRTI, Kenya), University of Edinburgh, Kenya Wildlife Service

Brief: Piloting portable “Nanopore” DNA sequencing to provide a safer, high-tech, and cost-effective way to track rhino populations through dung samples.

Location: Nepal

Collaborating Organizations: Oregon State University, National Trust for Nature Conservation

Abstract: The Eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) remains critically endangered
following historic declines of over 95% across sub-Saharan Africa due to poaching and habitat loss. Today, its recovery depends on intensively managed populations within a network of protected areas in Kenya and northern Tanzania, where nutritional ecology and habitat selection strongly influence reproductive success and long-term population viability.
Black rhinos are specialist browsers that consume a wide range of woody species, though a limited number of plant taxa provide most of their annual intake. Their foraging decisions are shaped by nutrient quality, plant chemicals, and accessibility of browse, while habitat selection is influenced by woody plant composition, canopy structure, vegetation productivity and proximity to water. Seasonal variation in rainfall and plant phenology further drives shifts in both diet and habitat selection. Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Laikipia County, which holds the largest population of Eastern black rhinos globally, is characterized by extensive Vachellia drepanolobium woodlands, which has historically contributed >75% of rhino diets. However, long-term ecological studies across Laikipia have documented widespread decline of Vachellia drepanolobium due to browsing by an abundant elephant population alongside marked expansion of Euclea divinorum thickets. Combined with Ol Pejeta’s growing rhino population, these changes underscore the need for updated assessments of diet composition and habitat selection using contemporary approaches.
This study aims to refine the understanding of the diet composition and habitat use of Eastern black rhinos at Ol Pejeta by integrating fecal DNA metabarcoding, habitat-use monitoring and field-based assessment of vegetation availability. Fresh dung collected across major vegetation types will be analyzed using plant DNA metabarcoding to identify food plants with high taxonomic resolution. Vegetation structure and browse availability will be quantified along belt transects and extrapolated across the conservancy using enhanced vegetation indices derived from SPOT imagery. Habitat-use patterns will be assessed through daily sightings and dung distribution. Diet and habitat-use metrics with rhino reproductive and survival data to evaluate whether selection for specific browse species or habitats is associated with improved pregnancy rates, inter-calving and calf survival. This study will generate an updated ecological baseline describing current diet and habitat selection highlighting preferred resources that are ecologically important and demographically consequential. Findings will inform habitat restoration, guide management of woody encroachment, and support evidence-based decisions within Kenya’s National Black Rhino Action Plan.

Location: Kenya

Collaborating Organizations: Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Wildlife Research and Training Institute, Iowa State University

Collaborating Organizations: Aaranyak

Brief: Using drones and satellite imagery to map invasive plants and identify “climate refuges” where rhinos can safely weather changing rainfall patterns.

Location: India

Collaborating Organizations: Mangaldai College, Aaranyak

Brief: Strengthening Kaziranga’s climate–habitat monitoring capacity and generating evidence on how climate-driven threats influence rhino habitat quality and movement. 

Location: India

Brief: Nepal has successfully controlled the poaching of its one-horned rhinos, and its population is recovering well. With the increased population of the rhinos, conflicts with nearby human settlements, and deaths of rhinos due to non-poaching causes are being reported more than ever. Due to this, sustaining the recovered viable wild rhino population in Chitwan, Nepal, has become increasingly challenging. The future of rhinos in Chitwan depends on how local communities respond to them; however, there is a limited understanding of people’s attitudes and field programs based on such insights. The hard-earned success of increasing the rhino population achieved through various initiatives can collapse in no time if the concerns of people sharing the same landscape are not addressed in a timely manner. Thus, we aim to fill this gap and assess the scale of human-rhino conflict and their perception towards rhino conservation. To examine this, we will identify the conflict areas and collect data on the frequency of human-rhino conflict incidents in Chitwan over the last 10 years. Within the identified areas of conflict zones, we will conduct household surveys to understand their attitudes towards rhinos, the problems they have faced, and what they believe can be done to reduce the growing conflicts. From these data, we will create a database on human-rhino conflict zones, identify high-conflict areas, and map a detailed understanding of the community’s perceptions about human-rhino coexistence across the landscape. Additionally, we will share the results with conservation stakeholders through meetings involving responsible parties, including park officials, municipal governments, conservation agencies, and local community groups. This, we believe, would support the design and application of evidence-based, targeted measures best suited for promoting human-rhino coexistence in Chitwan.

Location: Nepal

Collaborating Organizations: Greenhood Nepal

METHODS TO IMPROVE RHINO POPULATION MONITORING AND/OR TRACKING

Further developing rhino horn pods for improved cost-effective monitoring and research of dehorned rhinos in the Munyawana Conservancy.

Location: KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Collaborating Organizations: University of Neuchatel, Munyawana Conservancy

A critical component of rhino protection is monitoring. As Raoul du Toit, IRF’s Senior Advisor for Africa Programs says, “You can’t save it if you don’t know what you have.” There are various methods of monitoring rhino populations, but the use of tracking devices that are implanted directly into rhinos’ horns is being piloted at several sites, and shows great promise. However, for rhino populations that have been dehorned for security purposes, there is no horn in which to implant a tracking device. IRF is funding a project that will test and compare two prototypes of durable pods that house a GPS tracking device, and which are glued to the rhinos’ horn base. 

DETERMINATION OF THE CONSERVATION VALUE OF DIFFERENT RHINO POPULATIONS (THREE GRANTS)

Genetic diversity in southern white rhino (SWR) from the Munyawana Conservancy, and optimal composition of founder populations established from this resource.

Location: KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Collaborating Organizations: Munyawana Conservancy, University of the Free State

Private reserves are increasingly becoming the stronghold for rhino populations, but most of these smaller protected landscapes do not have the massive carrying capacity of state or provincial reserves such as Kruger National Park. As such, these smaller populations are more prone to inbreeding risks. This study will assess the genetic diversity of a white rhino population in the Munyawana Conservancy, which has been a source population of 182 animals for translocation across Southern and East Africa. Examining the genetic diversity of this population will ensure that loss of diversity does not occur and that the right mix of animals is chosen for re-introductions and augmentations.

Examination Of Parentage Among Black Rhinoceros To Inform Future Management Within Zimbabwe. 

Location: Raleigh, North Carolina 

Collaborating Organizations: North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Lowveld Rhino Trust

This project will generate genetic profiles for black rhinos collected over the past twenty years. Specifically, researchers will reconstruct familial relationships to better understand reproductive success among male black rhinos in populations where dehorning and translocations occurred for conservation. It is unknown if dehorning or translocations have impacted mating patterns in black rhinos, and reconstructing familial relationships can provide information on reproductive success in males. Black rhinos have low genetic diversity, which means researchers need many genetic markers to ensure accuracy in estimated familial relationships. This project seeks to understand how many of these genetic markers are required to determine parentage, especially in situations where DNA is degraded from age or environmental conditions. Determining parentage (i.e. the reconstruction of familial relationships through genetic analysis) will provide critical information about the reproductive success of male black rhinos and help examine management practices and understand population dynamics of black rhinos over time. The findings from this project will inform conservation management decisions for ongoing meta-population management of the Lowveld rhino populations and will be applicable to rhino breeding programs elsewhere in Africa. 

Applied conservation research for metapopulation management approaches of the critically endangered black rhino (Diceros bicornis minor) in South Africa.

Location: South Africa

Collaborating Organizations: University of Pretoria, World Wildlife Fund South Africa

While black rhino populations have doubled since the 1990s, the species remains critically endangered and requires careful protection and management measures. This project will perform a meta-analysis on the existing detailed long-term data from the fourteen Black Rhino Range Expansion Project (BRREP) sites in South Africa and one site in Malawi to understand population performance and its drivers at an individual site and metapopulation level. The research will develop an understanding of the current population and subsequently the meta-population dynamics of the BRREP sites to determine to what extent these populations align with metapopulation criteria and the factors influencing this. The research will also enable a review of the efficacy of interventions to improve management practices and will be used to inform best-practice metapopulation management strategies for the continued conservation success of this critically endangered species. Published research paper.

INVESTIGATION OF CRITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH, WELL-BEING AND REPRODUCTION EX SITU (TWO GRANTS)

Proteome and Methylome Analyses of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells for Assessing Immune Health in the Critically Endangered Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis).

Location: Front Royal, Virginia

Collaborating Organizations: Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, George Mason University, Georgetown University, Smithsonian – Mason School of Conservation, Stellenbosch University 

Many captive black rhinos have health issues that resemble chronic systemic inflammation, but little is known about black rhinos’ immune systems. By examining proteins in rhinos’ immune cells, this project will generate new information on black rhino immune function and describe differences in cellular function between captive (ex situ) and wild (in situ) rhinos in order to understand their ability to resist the disease process. 

Investigating the Genetic Profile of Captive Sumatran Rhino in Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary in Way Kambas generated by Whole Mitochondrion Sequencing to Support National Breeding Program and In-Situ Management. 

Location: Sumatra, Indonesia

Collaborating Organizations: Yayasan Badak Indonesia (YABI), IPB University 

With fewer than 80 Sumatran rhinos remaining, captive breeding is now a core component of the species’ survival. The Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary (SRS) is home to eight Sumatran rhinos, with efforts underway to capture wild rhinos and incorporate them into the breeding program. This project will develop a genetic profile of each individual as a first step to understanding relatedness, and therefore best captive breeding recommendations.  

DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDIZED AND CONSISTENT REPORTING MECHANISMS AND METHODOLOGIES FOR CONFIRMING SUMATRAN AND JAVAN RHINO SPECIES POPULATION SIZES AND THEIR DYNAMICS

Investigating the Genetic Profile of Javan Rhino Population in Ujung Kulon National Park. 

Location: Java, Indonesia

Collaborating Organizations: Aliansi Lestari Rimba Terpadu (ALeRT), Biodiversiti Indonesia Forum (BIOINFO)

The current population of Javan rhinos, all of whom live in one national park, is less than 76 individuals. This project will examine the genetic variability (high or low heterozygosity) using mitochondrial DNA, microsatellite, and molecular sexing within this population as well as look at the variation between groups of rhinos living in the same protected area. By understanding the genetic variability in the current population of Javan rhinos, conservationists can develop a population management strategy to improve genetic quality, allowing the species to adapt to future environmental changes and avoid inbreeding. 

TECHNICAL ASSESSMENTS TO INFORM METAPOPULATION MANAGEMENT (TWO GRANTS)

Strengthening management for the world’s largest meta-population of black rhinos 

Location: Namibia

Collaborating Organizations: Minnesota Zoo, Namibia’s Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism, International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Conservation Planning Specialist Group, Ongava Game Reserve

Namibia sustains more than a third of the global population of critically-endangered black rhino. The country is committed to range expansion for black rhinos to maximize population growth rates through biological management. Recent evidence suggests that several sub-populations are beginning to show signs of depressed growth rates. To counteract this potential challenge, this project seeks to build and evaluate black rhino population models to estimate scenarios for optimal biological management that minimize impacts on source populations. Researchers will use a population viability analysis to explore Namibia’s black rhino meta-population dynamics to evaluate a suite of potential real-world management scenarios. By closely examining the underlying demographic dynamics, conservationists can ensure impending biological management decisions are made with the best available data. 

Establishing an individual genetic value for black and white rhinoceros from existing genotyping data to support the genetic management of in situ populations. 

Location: South Africa 

Collaborating organizations: University of Pretoria 

This project will use available genetic profile and demographic information of individual rhinoceros from the Rhino DNA Indexing System (RhODIS) database to develop a simple and cost-effective method to calculate the genetic value of each animal and to calculate the genetic value of in situ rhinoceros populations. This study will also look at the RhODIS data to determine the relatedness of animals in each population. Understanding the value of individual animals and their relatedness will help guide management and translocation decisions to ensure future populations have maximized genetic variability and genetic health.

In 2019, we awarded $262,326 in grants to the following projects:

Pharmacokinetics of Phenylbutazone in Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum), USA
Emma Houck, Katie Delk

Research project to investigate the applicability of SigFox low-power wide-area radio frequency networks for rhino monitoring and security, Zimbabwe, Zambia
Hugo van der Westhuizen, Ed Sayer, Raoul du Toit

The development of an integrated ‘real-time’ rhinoceros monitoring and surveillance system in the Munyawana Conservancy, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Craig Sholto-Douglas, Simon Naylor, Winston Pretorius, Senzo Qwabe, Nicholas Mtshali, Charli De Vos, Richard Steyn

Establishing the pharmacokinetic profiles of commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), Australia
Benn Bryant, Merran Govendir

Impact of dietary phytate supplementation on iron and phosphorus utilization in Black Rhinoceros, USA
Laura Cersosimo, Kathleen Sullivan

Pharmacological management of stress and its pathophysiological consequences during transport of free-ranging rhinoceros, South Africa
Leith Meyer, Peter Buss, Markus Hofmyer, Emma Hooijberg, Friederike Pohlin

Influence of Ex Situ Management on Gut Microbiota of the Southern Black Rhinoceros, USA
Budhan S. Pukazhenthi, Keith A. Crandall, Timothy Cleland, Yue Li

Appraisal of Sumatran Rhino captures and translocations 1984-1994, Spain
Kees Rookmaaker

The behavioural ecology of reproduction and demography in White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) United Kingdom
Sarah Scott, Caroline Bettridge, Bradley Cain, Selvino de Kort

Assessing the conservation value of Ex Situ Populations of the Critically Endangered Eastern Black Rhino, United Kingdom
Franziska Elsner-Gearing, Catherine Walton, Susanne Shultz, Mark Pilgrim, Petra Kretzschmar

Using conservation physiology to improve the Population Management of Eastern Black Rhinos, United Kingdom
Nicholas Harvey, Susanne Schultz